Native Plants in our Yards: The Real Thing for Pollinators

I was reading yet another article about insect declines and the impact of their declines on the rest of the ecosystem. Habitat destruction is always a top contributor to the decline. It occurred to me that human residential construction is a type of habitat destruction.  Unlike with a highway or shopping complex, however, WE have an opportunity with our landscapes to bring back some of the life support for insects by focusing on the plants we choose.  In other words, we have the power in our yards to mitigate habitat destruction!

The best approach to repair habitat destruction is to choose to plant native species in your landscape. Native insects evolved with native plants and the vast majority of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) depend on native plants to create the next generation (the monarch butterfly, pictured above, is a well-known example of an insect requiring a specific native plant). Using non-native plants is not unlike having plastic plants as far as those insects are concerned – they can’t lay their eggs on them.

Plastic plants or non native plants? Which are host plants?

Remember: we need insects for a healthy bird population (96% of which feed insects to their babies).

Add a serviceberry (Amelanchier) instead of crape myrtle in your landscape. Use native upright grasses instead of non-native miscanthus grass. Minimize your lawn - add more productive native plants to that sunny space instead. Use flowering native perennial groupings that include plants for spring, summer, and fall for blooms across all seasons. 

Do you need to have all native plants? I like to suggest something akin to the food pyramid: mostly native with a sprinkling of non-native plants (particularly annuals for extra blooms).

Another important consideration is to pick regionally appropriate plants. Georgia is a very big state and what is native to north Georgia is not always native to south Georgia (and vice versa). Certainly we have oaks and goldenrods (two of my favorites) throughout the state but the specific species may vary; choose the species that will do best in your area. Some plants like the Florida anise shrub (Illicium floridanum) are native to south Georgia (one county) but are planted well up into metro Atlanta. Do the insects that use it fly that far north? Use it sparingly and focus on more local shrubs.

If we're gardening for pollinators and wildlife, our best option is to use the real thing. The plants that co-evolved with our native insects. Anything else is just for looks. 

A Moment in Nature for June

Following on the post I shared for May, #amomentinnature for June is a small Dekay's brown snake that I uncovered in the mulch pile. I have had a pile of tree trimmings on the hot driveway for over a year and this week I decided to finish distributing it in advance of getting a new load. Small reptiles have enjoyed the pile, using the heat of it to warm up. Earlier I found what appear to be snake eggs in it.

Dekay's brown snake on oak sapling with grass

This small and relatively common snake was just under the top layer and she appeared to be pregnant. I used a stick to relocate her to the side of the driveway where she rested for a while in a small oak sapling.  I took some of the pile and created a small mound near her. Later I saw her moving through the upper layers and she looked thinner. 

Harmless Dekay's brown snake in mulch

I enjoy finding wildlife in my yard. We also found the first box turtles of the year this week. They were busy making more box turtles!

Another Snake Plant

Why do so many plants have ‘snake’ in the common name? When I recently discovered a new to me plant with snake in the name, I decided to see how many others I already have. [Of course this is a partial list of the many plants with snake as part of the common name.] Apparently some plants got the name because the plant was thought to have curative properties for snake bites. Unfortunately, that may not be true (but if it is, I am well stocked!).

Ageratina altissima, white snakeroot
Aristolochia serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot (now Endodeca serpentaria)
Botrychium virginianum, rattlesnake fern (now Botrypus virginianus)
Eryngium yuccifolium, rattlesnake master
Goodyera pubescens, rattlesnake plantain
Hieracium venosum, rattlesnake weed
Orbexilum pedunculatum, Sampson’s snakeroot
Prenanthes altissima, tall rattlesnakeroot (now Nabalus altissimus)
Sanicula canadensis, black snakeroot

Orbexilum pedunculatum

So, what was the new plant? It is Sampson’s snakeroot (Orbexilum pedunculatum). It is a member of the bean family, Fabaceae. We found it on a rescue site that we’ve had for a long time. I actually thought it was a type of milkwort (Polygala) which is not in the same family at all but the tiny flowers seemed similar (especially if you’re not wearing your glasses, which is true for me in the field!).

As this new plant started to bloom this spring, similar looking plants started appearing in plant identification groups on Facebook.  After it was suggested that they were Orbexilum pedunculatum, I examined mine again. Bingo! 

From the trifoliate leaves to the shaded hues on the inflorescence, it was a perfect match. I love learning about new plants even if they are snake plants!

Orbexilum pedunculatum

Orbexilum pedunculatum

Zizia and Thaspium

I have been on field trips with the Georgia Botanical Society where we encountered a yellow-flowering member of the Apiaceae family. My first thought at the time was Zizia (known as golden Alexander) but the more knowledgeable folks started a discussion about how it could be Thaspium (known as woodland meadow parsnip). I was new at the time and didn’t catch the finer points of the discussion but it was enough to stick in my mind that these could be confused.

Rescued plant

Last year I rescued a plant in the winter that looked like something in the Apiaceae family. I love getting new native host plants (Apiaceae family plants are hosts for the Eastern Black swallowtail butterfly), so I rescued it. Like my Zizia, it kept some foliage all winter. Picture at left blooming in 2021.

I planted it in a sunny moist area (I found it in a moist area) and this year the flowers were spectacular. My already established Zizia aurea was a bit later to flower, but when it did, I now had some comparisons to make and off I went to find the identification points to help me. The leaves were past the basal growth phase but I found some points about the flowers and the seeds.

An umbellet (Zizia)

I like to use Weakley’s Flora of the Southeastern US (yes it is big but the “find” function – CTRL F on a PC – works quite well) and was very surprised to find these plants in multiple Apiaceae keys with clues for using flowers as well as fruit (and the key acknowledges it is hard to separate these without having the fruit). An important point here is whether the central flower (or fruit) of each umbellet (see photo) has a pedicel (a stalk).

According to the keys, the central flower on Zizia does not have a pedicel while on Thaspium, the central flower does have one. Here are photos from my plants. I had to cut away some of the flowers to show the center more clearly. The rescued plant has all flowers on pedicels while the known Zizia shows a short flower at center.

Mystery showing central flower

Zizia showing central flower

In addition to having the two yellow blooming plants, I also have a purple-flowering plant that is definitely Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum so that has been helpful to use as well in evaluating presence of a stalk on the central flower. Here are pictures of the plants in my yard now gone to seed. The mystery and the purple Thaspium are showing seeds on elongated stalks (pedicel) while the Zizia has that noticeably short one in the center.

Yellow mystery

Zizia

Purple Thaspium

Note that the seeds of the mystery flower are ribbed which is one of the points mentioned in the key for Zizia (see below) so that compounds the mystery a bit. [Although my Zizia's seeds aren't as ribbed.] Apparently I should have looked more closely at the mystery flower to see if the central flower was staminate as it is valid for Zizia to have a pedicel on the central flower when it is also staminate (having stamens).

So I guess the mystery may last another year until it blooms again and I can check that central flower more closely. None of my pictures from this year is clear enough to tell now. I do hope my exercise here will help some other folks regarding these two plants.

Note for those curious about the name golden Alexander: Zizia aurea was first classified as Smyrnium aureum but was changed in 1825. The common name is believed to refer to an old herb from Roman times called Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) and named for the city of Alexandria.

Here are snippets of two of the keys from Weakley’s Flora of the Southeastern US: