Ferns of Georgia

 

There are over 100 ferns native to Georgia and the Southeastern US. Some are big and bold while others are tiny, single-frond plants. Some spread on their own while others clump in a very tidy fashion. Like many native plants, some have evolved to live in special conditions (wet areas, rocky outcrops); quite a few of them are garden suitable and I’ve written about those Georgia ferns before. 

Christmas fern

Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) is one of our most well-known species for dryish shade; it is native to most of the state except for the coast; I profiled it in 2018 and included some landscape usage photos.

Recently I attended a talk about native ferns at our local chapter meeting. The speaker had a copy of a useful reference book that I had not seen before: Ferns of Alabama. Plants don’t follow state lines and there is a huge amount of overlap between the two states so this a good companion to our Georgia reference, Field Guide to the Ferns and Other Pteridophytes of Georgia. 

The books are not new; the Alabama one is 2012 and my copy of the Georgia one is 1986 but they apparently updated in 2003.

Both references have good introductory sections that I encourage folks to read because they give you a better understanding of how these plants grow (physical details of fern growth), how geology and geography affect what ferns grow where, as well as identification details for the different fern families.

The Georgia book has line drawings only but they are quite excellent, often including some important detail of the sori (reproductive structure). The Alabama book has line drawings as well as photographs. The Alabama book requires you to turn the page to see all the photos/text associated with one species, meaning that if the book is open then you might be looking at the description for one species and the photos of the previous one. I find that potentially confusing. The Georgia book shows everything on the same page spread.

Neither book has the latest Scientific names (and that is true for printed materials in a changing world), but the old name is easily cross-referenced using a resource like Flora of the Southeastern US (New York fern, as an example, is now Amauropelta noveboracensis, but you can easily use the old name Thelypteris noveboracensis to find the new name).

If you’re using these as a field guide, each book includes a natural range map by county, indicating where they grow in the wild. Each of them includes a few exotic ferns that have naturalized (although they don’t include one of the more recent naturalized ferns that I profiled in 2022).

I encourage you to get to know the ferns of your particular area and consider using them in your landscape for both beauty and functionality. While the ecosystem usage of these primitive plants is not as obvious as the host plants we use for insects, they serve as attractive and useful plantings, especially in shadier areas.

Prioritize Removal of Invasive Plants

 

Georgia roadsides are a mixed bag of vegetation but increasingly they are being swallowed up in invasive plants. In Georgia, we’ve all seen mounds of kudzu, stands of bamboo, thickets of privet, choking wisteria, and trees transformed into English ivy monsters. Joining them now are the large-leaved Princess trees, colonies of tree of heaven, thorny ornamental pears, chinaberry, mimosa, tallow tree. All of these are Category 1 invasive plants in Georgia. These plants are literally overtaking native plants, reducing the productiveness of our natural ecosystems, resulting in fewer pollinators, fewer birds, as well as other critters that depend on these.

Roadside English ivy, spreading towards neighbor

In this post I present 3 ideas that we could implement to help slow up these invasive plants.

I used to think that development would at least help clean some of this up. But that is not always the case; several newer neighborhoods near me kept all those road edges intact. New homeowners there appear to like the buffer that these thickets of privet and tree of heaven provide. The fruits and seeds from these plants continue to infest new areas, creating an even bigger problem.

Building approvals that should require developers to remove Category 1 invasive plants as a condition of the permitting process. With a smart phone in every hand, identifying invasive plants is not hard to do and should be part of the cost of development just like water management, roads, and utilities.

Kudzu, despite our knowing how bad it is, is actually worst now that before. Infested areas are spreading rapidly to new properties and seeds are dispersed even further. Why should property owners have to deal with the neglect of others? I am aware of one Georgia community that is drafting a ‘control of vegetation’ ordinance to require owners to manage invasive plants, especially when they move into adjacent properties due to lack of control: “An invasive plant owner shall not allow an invasive plant that is capable of spreading by runners, roots, vines, stems, bulbils, or rhizomes to spread from the invasive plant owner’s property to any public right-of-way or any adjoining property not owned by the invasive plant owner.”

Municipalities that manage their roadsides are capable of exerting the effort to actually remove invasive trees that grow into utility lines; unfortunately my personal observation is that they just prune them, ensuring that they will need another round next year while also allowing them to set seed and shade out native plants.

In summary: 1) require developers to remove invasive plants during construction; 2) create ordinances that require owners to contain any spreading invasive that they have; and 3) remove invasive plants in the right of way as part of regular roadside maintenance.

Kudzu overtaking a wooded park (those trees all have kudzu)

Great Southeast Pollinator Census – Year 6

The Great Southeast Pollinator Census is a fun citizen science activity that helps people get more acquainted with their local pollinators. It also helps them see which plants get good insect activity.

Pollinator census capture of skippers in love

I like to count in both the morning and afternoon to see how the pollinator activity changes. I enjoy watching how the different pollinators behave: for example, bumble bees move fast while carpenter bees lumber and prefer to crawl from flower to flower if they can.  

Every year that I do the census, it makes me think anew about how my pollinator garden can be more successful. In my 3-part pollinator series, I talked about several factors for supporting the most pollinators: using regional plants, providing for succession of blooms, having more than one of the same plant, and using different plants for different pollinators. If you haven't read it, dive into part one, part two, and part 3 at the hotlinks.

Red admiral on Joe pye (Eutrochium)

Eastern Tiger Swallowtails

This is the sixth year of the census; it has expanded from Georgia-only to now include NC, SC, and FL. You are welcome to see my reports from the previous years, starting with 2023 (it has links to the older ones). Because the count is held during the same general timeframe each year, you'll see that I count on the same types of flowers each year (and I'm always amazed at well they support pollinators). It is clear from my counts that I have a really healthy bumble bee population!

Ailanthus moth on Rudbeckia laciniata

Bumble bee on Silphium

Carpenter bee on Silphium